Antropologisch onderzoek naar toerisme in Afrika (2)
'(...) it is argued that the development of tourism, particularly the development of community-based tourism in Africa and other Third World countries will, in the long run, assist in the promotion of cross-cultural understanding and social harmony amongst local host communities and tourists (Richter 1994; Nash 1996; Harrison 2000). Tourism will, therefore, assist in minimising existing stereotypes and misrepresentations of indigenous cultures. (...)
However, tourism reseachers (Bachmann1988; Debbage 1990; Agarwal 1997) contend that in most instances, local communities in Third World countries, particularly in Africa, are not appropriately represented in the planning, design, development and management of their respective indigenous cultural and nature based resources for tourism. As a consequence, members of respective indigenous communities are usually not appropriately represented in the commodification process in which local cultural of nature based resources are transformed into tourism products to be presented and sold to tourists.
Thus, there are a number of critical issues as concerns the development of tourism in developing countries, which call into question the efficacy of tourism as a tool for socio-economic development. These issues include foreign domination and dependency, inequitable distribution and development, cultural and environmental degradation, and loss of control and cultural identity, as well as the over-arching role of the state in the control and management of tourism resources (Bachmann 1988; Sinclair 1990; Sindiga 2000; Akama 2004).''
J. Akama, Efficacy of tourism as a tool for local community development, in: Culture and Community, Tourism studies in Eastern and Southern Africa, B. Wishitemi, A. Spenceley, H. Wels (eds.), Rozenberg 2007, p. 64
